一、定语从句
在复合句中充当定语成分的从句是定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词称为先行词,定语从句按照英语语法规则应放在先行词后面(即先行词+定语从句)。
哈利波特是一个聪明的男孩儿。
Hary Porter is a smart boy.
哈利波特是一个戴眼镜的男孩儿。
Hary Porter is a boy who wears glasses.
本质:"大"形容词
思考:什么时候使用定语从句?定语从句的位置?
答:当定语不再是一个单词,而是一个句子时;位置:名词后面。
两个概念——先行词与关系代词
Hary Porter is a boy who has magic power.
哈利波特是一个有魔法的男孩
boy——先行词
——被修饰的词+两句共同说的词
思考:关系代词是谁?有何作用?
答:who;作用:①连接主句和从句②代替先行词③作从句成分
考什么?
关系代词:
that/which/who/whom/whose/as
关系副词:
where(地点)/when(时间)/why(原因)
考点:关系代词
从句中缺成分(主/宾/表),用关系代词
关系代词小结:五字方针:人+物+的+省略
1.无限制情况下都可用that(作宾语可省)
2.人+who(主语)/whom(宾语)
3.物+which
4.whose表示所属关系:n (的) n(两个名词之间用"的"连接,用whose)
eg:1.There is a house 的 roof is broken.
那儿有一个屋顶换了的房子
解释:空处前后是名词,可以"的"字连接,房子的屋顶,这种所属关系,故空处填whose
2.There is jim 的 composition is praised by Alice.
这是作文被艾丽丝表扬了的吉姆
解释:空处前后是名词,可以"的"字连接,吉姆的作文,这种所属关系,故空处填whose
5.关系代词在从句中作宾语可以省略
关系代词的省略(关系代词在定语从句中作宾语可省略)
eg:1.He is the man who wrote the book.
他是写了这本书的男人
分析:本句中who做从句中的主语,故不能省略.(主+谓+宾)
2.He is the manwhomIadmire.
他是我敬佩的男人
分析:本句中whom做从句的宾语,故可省略(主+谓+宾)
3.She is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen.
她是我见过最漂亮的女孩
分析:本句中that做宾语,故可省(主+谓+宾)
练一练:
翻译:1."找你妹"是一个由云中游公司制作的游戏。
="找你妹"是一个游戏+由云中游公司制作的.
"Find something" is a game+
It is made by Funship Entertainment
="Find something" is a game which is made by Funship Entertainment.
(先行词是物,关系代词用which,代指game)
2.姚明是一个2.26米高的篮球运动员。
=姚明是一个篮球运动员+他2.26米高
Yao Ming is a basketball player+
he is 2.26 meters tall.
=Yao Ming is a basketball player who is 2.26 meters tall.
(先行词是运动员即人,关系代词用who,代指运动员)
3.郭敬明是一个1.49米高的作家。
=Guo Jingming is a write who is 1.49 meters tall.
4.住在我们隔壁的那个男人是卖菜的。
=那个男人+住在我们隔壁 是买菜的
=The man sells vegetables
+The man lives next to us
=The man who lives next to us sells vegetables.
考点:特殊代词as(正如...一样)
such...as... 和...一样
the same...as... 和...一样
eg:Can machines perform the same tasks as man does?
机器人能够做和人一样的工作吗?
拓展:
eg:She wears the same dress that she wore at Mary’s wedding.
她穿着在玛丽婚礼上穿过的那条裙子。
(同一个裙子)
She wore the same dress as her yong sister wore.
她和妹妹穿着同样的裙子。
(同一类裙子)
考点:关系副词
从句中不缺主宾表(仅需补充状语),用关系副词(缺时间/地点/原因)
关系副词的用法
1.when表示时间
eg:This is the time when we first met each other.
这是我们第一次见面的时间。
(解释:从句结构是主谓宾,不缺成分,又因主句系动词is语从句met两个动词不能同时存在,考虑用关系副词来连接,此处需要关系副词when表示时间)
2.where 表地点
eg:It is the factory where we worked.
这是我们工作的工厂。
(解释:先行词factory工厂,我们工作的地方,用关系副词where表地点)
3.why表原因
It’s the reason why we come back.
这就是我们为什么回来的原因。
补充:抽象地点:job(岗位)/field(领域)/situation(情况)/case(情形)/dream(梦想)/point(点)/viewpoint(观点)
eg:There is one pointwhere I’d like your advice.
有一点,我想听听你的建议。
考点:带介词的定语从句
如果空前本身就有介词
介词(in/on/with/for/about/...)+which/whom
人+介词:用whom
物+介词:用which
eg:The girl to whom Tom spoke is Mary.
跟汤姆说话的女孩是玛丽。
(如果这道题让填介词,根据从句的谓语动词spoke,跟某人说话:speak to sb,故用to)
注意:介词前移问题
原语序:The girl Tom spoketo whom is Mary.(本句话形式上不对,因为先行词后方要跟从句,whom是关系代词,连接从句,to为介词)
考点:限制性定语从句
答题三部曲:
step1.主从隔离
(断句,用斜线将整句话主句跟从句断开)
(v1是第一个动词,v2是第二个动词,空前划到第二个动词前面断开)
eg:The little girl showed the policeman the corner/ she was knocked off her bike.
(/代表断句处,空前有谓语动词showed,从空前断开,主句从句分离)
The man / was stolen / called the police.
(空前无动词,空前断开,空前划到第二个动词前断开)
step2.体验从句
从句缺主宾——关系代词
从句不缺主宾,缺状语——关系副词
step3.对症下药
考题:
This is the shool B last year.
A.which I studied
B.at which I studied
C.where I studied
D.in where I studied
(解析:“我在学校学习”=I studied at school. 介词提前at+which/whom,因为介词前是the school,所以at which,C项错,where有“在某地”之意,at也表示“在...”不能同时出现,D错,不说in school,应说at school,故选B。译:去年我在这个学校学习)
例题:
1.In the office / I never seem to have time until after 5:30p.m, /(D) many people have got home.
A.whose
B.that
C.on which time
D.by which time
解析:“/”代表断句处,短语“by that time”“到那时”,首先句子中间有逗号隔开,不选that,非限定性定语从句,不选A,根据句意“到那时许多人已经回家”,非限定性从句要改为“by which time”。故选D。句意:在办公室里我似乎从来没有时间直到5:30之后,到那时许多人已经回家了。
2.Is this the reason /(A) he explained / at the meeting / for his carelessness in his work?
A.that
B.what
C.how
D.why
解析:从句缺少宾语,(主谓宾),排除BCD,D是陷阱。
3.Do you remember the day /() we spent /() climbing Mount Tai last summer?
A.that;going
B.when;in going
C.on which;going
D.which;to go
解析:“spent (in) doing”花费(时间、金钱)做某事,先排除D,从句缺少宾语,故排除B,C中on which不对,因为谓语动词spent in doing,故排除,that可作宾语,故A对。
4.The days () Ispent / in the countryside / in my childhood / were the happiest time () I had ever had in my life.
A.when;when
B.where;that
C.that;which
D.that;that
解析:第一个空缺宾语,用that,第二个空前面有the+形容词最高级,故用that。解析:我童年在农村度过的时光是我一生中最快乐的时光。
5.I’m determined to buy such a flat / (A) you are now living in.
A.as
B.which
C.that
D.what
解析:as正如你现在住的那样。句意:我决定买一套你现在在住的公寓。
考点:定语从句陷阱
暗箭一:只能用that的情况
(口诀:最 不 避 人 物)
1.修饰词+先行词+that
先行词被
①序数词first,last,next等
②最高级the most...;the best;the biggest等
③唯一性the very;the only;the right;the last等
等修饰时,关系词用that
eg:①The first thing that we need to do find a hotel to have a good rest.
我们要做的第一件事就是找一件公寓休息一下。
②He is the very person that we are finding.
他就是我们要找的那个人
③The best thing that we have is friendship.
我们拥有最好的东西就是友谊。
2.先行词(不定代词+多多少少)+that
先行词是:all所有;each每一个;both两个都;much多;many多;little少;none一个也没;(“多多少少”)
something;anything;everything等不定代词
eg:He dideverything that he could to help us.
他所每一件他能够坐的事情来帮助我们
3.who/which——that避免重复
eg:who is the man that is standing in the garden?
(前面出现了who或which,后面为了避免重复,只能用that)
4.先行词既有人又有物
eg:The famous writer and his books that the TV is saying now has aroused great interest among students.
译:电视正在播放的这个有名的作家和他的书,现在已经在学生中引起了极大的兴趣。
(口诀解释:最:“最高级”,“唯一性”“序数词”等“最...”之意的词,不:“不定代词+多多少少”等先行词,避:避免重复出现who/which,人物:先行词既有人又有物的情况)
暗箭二:只能用who的情况
1.先行词是some、any、every、no和body、one一起构成复合不定代词somebody,someone等
eg:Anybody who is tall can play basketball.
任何个子高的人都可以打篮球。
2.先行词是:one、ones、those时只能用who
eg:The ones who work hard can go to university.
努力学习的那些人能够上大学。
eg:God helps those who help themselves.
上帝帮助那些帮助自己的人(天助自助者)
考题:
Success will belong to those (C) never say “impossible”.
A.whom
B.that
C.who
D.which
解析:看见关键词直接选C,只能用who的情况。句意:成功属于那些永远不说不可能的人。
暗箭三:the way作先行词
“正确的打开方式”
the way in which
the way that
the way
考题:
1.I don't like (A) you speak to her.
A.the way
B.the way in that
C.the way which
D.the way of which
解析:只有A正确,其他均错误。B多了in,C少in,D多了of。句意:我不喜欢你对她说话的方式。
非限定性定语从句:形式上(有逗号)
限定性定语从句:形式上(无逗号)
判断:
1.Ha is a boy who has magic power. (限定性定从)
2.Ha , who is a boy ,has magic power. (非限定性定语从句)
3.Ha has magic power,which is true. (非限定)
①which只能位于主句之后,且前有逗号。翻译成“这”,指代逗号前一整句话。
eg:The earth goes around the sun,which is known to us all.
地球围着太阳转,这是我们众所周知的。
(此处which指代逗号前一整句话,译为“这”)
②as,可放主句前、主句后、还可以分割主句、as有“正如...好像...”的意思。
eg:1.As is known to us all,the earth goes around the sun.
2.John,as you know,is a writer.
as的万能句型还有:
1.As is often the case情况常常如此
2.As often happens事情往往如此
3.As is hoped正如所希望的
4.As is natural很自然
5.As we had expected正如我们所期待的
6.As is known to everybody/all/us
众所周知
7.As is reported in the newspaper
正如报纸所报道的
8.As is mentioned above
正如上面所提到的
9.As might be expected
正如所预料的那样
10.As has been said before
如前所述
非限定性定语从句
决不可选择why和that,需用for which代替why,其他关系词的选择同限定性定语从句一样。
考点:I think作插入语
我这样认为
which I think is
考题:
He has made another wonderful discovery,(A) of importance to science and man.
A.which I think is
B.which I think it is
C.of which I think it is
D.I think which is
解析:考查I think作插入语,句意:他有了一项伟大的发明,这对科学和人类有极大的重要性。